Why The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered - 995 Words

In our world today, fifty percent of Americans believe it is appropriate for those under twenty-one to drink alcohol and want the legal drinking age to be lowered to eighteen. In the United States when an individual reaches eighteen, he or she are believed to be an adult. Becoming an adult as the law states that means mature enough to vote, purchase cigarettes, and even sign up for the military. When considering changing the drinking age to eighteen for many reasons to think through when it comes to health complications regards to well-being of others and maybe taken under circumstances where it may be excessively over used. Many individuals argue that the United States has the foremost careless drinkers with a little self-control once†¦show more content†¦Despite the facts that individuals contend with twenty-one the magic amount of our general public was pulled out of thin air as the suitable age. Here is the explanation for it the drinking age initially began at twenty-o ne yet in the sixties and seventies it gradually brought down to eighteen. Yet states recognized a huge increase in the highway death to teens have an influence on these laws. Then states realized before the change, the roads were much safer. This is ultimately why twenty-one was the suitable number. With that being said, it is regularly contended by teenagers that the drinking age is excessively high. They accept that in the event that they are qualified to vote, they may be sent to war and possibly die for our country at the age of eighteen; then they should be able to consume alcohol. Then again, the United States government saw issues with youth drinking and they chose to raise the drinking age. As extra motivation to enforce the age significance, the government proposed to stop all government subsiding of roadways to the states whose drinking was short of what twenty-one. By keeping the streets safe was the main purpose behind raising the drinking. This may be clichà © consid ering we hear this from our guardians constantly, yet our brains don t completely create until around the age of 20. Actually, the exact opposite thing that creates isShow MoreRelatedWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered908 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Drinking Age should be lowered to 18? At the age of 18, American Citizens gain the immense responsibility of becoming an adult. When you turn 18 you gain a sense of adulthood and many things that were illegal for you before are now legal. Object lessons are the right to sign a contract, vote in elections, attend on a jury, make a will, get married without parental permission and the list goes on. For what reason is it that you aren t old enough to purchase and consume alcohol. The passageRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthe drinking age should be lowered to eighteen like most of the world or if it should stay at twenty-one. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue for years, yet why is it not under control? Teenagers are continuing to buy alcohol with fake identification cards, drink, get into bars, and drink illegally. As a teen I have proof that these things are going on not only in college but in high school as well. There are a lot of factors that come together to why the drinking age should beRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered997 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the drinking age should not be lowered Alcoholism affects so many people in the United States due to accidents and much more but, many people say once teens turn 18 they should be able to do whatever they want, If they are able to vote, purchase nicotine products and become our troops, etc. So why not be able to drink? The drinking age has become a more controversial issue lately. There are many reasons of why the drinking age should not be lowered but if the drinking age was to be lowered toRead MoreWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Legal Drinking Age should Be Lowered Ever since its creation in ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and purposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more,Read MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesboredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you loo k at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more importantRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 Pages Lowering The Alcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drink

Gun Control Cons Essay - 1801 Words

Gun Control: Worse For Us Than We Know Almost everyone living in this country should have witnessed such debates. Some people might not have listened to a formal debate, but an informal gun control debate is being carried on by many groups and individuals. It is very unlikely that someone has not listened to one. Recall the occasions when you were traveling or waiting somewhere hearing the neighbors discussing gun control pros and cons. These conversations are also gun control debates in the wider sense of the term. After all, a debate does not have to be a formal one. The question where the gun control debate is heading to come from the fact that there have been innumerable rounds of this debate, but no conclusion seems to have been†¦show more content†¦The statement â€Å"Crime rates will skyrocket if guns are banned because the criminals will do anything to get guns† (ProsCons) is very true in this sense. The gun crime statistics from these countries reveal that after these laws have come into force, th ere has been a steep increase not only in the number of murders but also in the number of suicides. So, how do the pro -gun control groups react to these reports? Unfortunately, they have not been impressed by these facts. Their attitude to gun crime statistics has always been lukewarm. Since the facts are not on their side, they employ other means. The NRA (National rifles Association), for example, has made no secret of its decision to not accept any compromise on the issue of gun control. It has been threatening legislators that it will work for their defeat in the primaries, if they do not toe the line of the NRA. The threat seems to be working, with some legislators making attempts to change the rules in such a way that organizations like the CDC will not be able to study gun violence. One remarkable thing about the gun control debate is that though this debate has been carried on for the past few decades ever since gun control became a serious issue after President Kennedy was gunned down by an assassin, it has been able to sustain the interest of the people. People have listened to many gun control pros and cons but somehow, people engaging inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Pros and Cons of Gun Control1657 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss the pros and cons of gun control. Some U.S. States have already adopte d some of these gun control laws. I will be talking about the 2nd amendment, public safety, home safety, and do gun control laws really control guns. I hope after you have read this you will be more educated, and can pick your side of the gun control debate. So keep reading and find out more about the gun control laws that the federal and some state governments want to enforce on U.S. Citizens. FirearmsRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Gun Control1770 Words   |  8 Pagesimpacts of guns, either positive or negative, during some point of their life. It is because of the fact that guns are a part of numerous American’s lives that we must ask: is gun control needed for the protection of Americans or for the empowerment of the government through the removal of Americans rights. The issue of gun control is not a new topic, their have been numerous other nations who have had this question before them. In 1995, Canada established a new set of gun control laws banningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Gun Control in the United States Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is a growing issue as of late, due to recent events such as school shootings as well as crimes which are committed daily due to gun violence the issue has been more controversial than ever before. IT is true that by owing a gun you can feel a sense of self- empowerment as it can allow you to protect yourself as well as your loved ones. However, owing a gun is a double edge sword in today’s world. The reason is that with the sudden increase in gun violence more people have beganbegun toRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1573 Words   |  7 Pagesissue being gun control and how guns affect and/or end lives, the even bigger issue though is the issue of how people can or can not write about gun control to educate the public. Gun Control is an issue that needs to be avoided when trying to persuade readers of an opinion for two reasons, the issue of gun control is a terrible essay topic because there are too many emotions involved in gun control debates and because in general there is no good research on gun control. The only essays and articlesRead MoreGun Control859 Words   |  4 PagesScholarly Essay: Gun Control There has been considerable debate recently in Canada over the issue of gun control. The Canadian parliament enacted the Firearms Act to enforce gun control by requiring gun owners to register their firearms. Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, complaining that the law is unconst... Gun Control Gun control Gun Control Part I:Introduction The issue of gun control and violenceRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Gun Of The Teeth : The Worldwide Plague Of Small Arms1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis one gun for every ten people on earth today. The people who supports gun control believe that if we are trying to save the world, guns for wars should not be shipped around for individual uses. There have been around 400 million deaths due to small arms and conflicts since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Once a person owns a gun, it is very rare that they will be willing to give the gun up. In South Africa, guns have been melted down, blown up, and cut into pieces. If there were stricter gun controlRead MoreWhy Gun Control Is Bad793 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Argumentative Essay All guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care. Guns have been part of American life for as long as people can remember. For most people guns are perceived as very dangerous and harmful. However, that is not true; guns can be dangerous, but only if they are in the wrong hands. Owning a gun is right that every American should be able to take pride in having. Guns are used for self-defense, hunting, law enforcement and other uses.Read MoreGun Control Argument798 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control The gun control debate in the US is often contentious and politically divisive. And with upcoming elections always looming in the near future, we will continue hearing a great deal from the media as well as politicians about what should or should not be done about â€Å"too many guns† in our society. Unfortunately, too many Americans do not take time to truly understand the issues and the reasoning behind both sides of the controversy. To help get a clearer perspective of the problem, thereRead MoreGun Control Research Paper 1263 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Modern issues essay Gun control is a controversial issue for a long time around the world, particularly in U.S. because of a lots of mass shooting in school and public places. The second Amendment of the U.S. constitution is one of the shortest in all of the bill of right, it was written by the time period of American’s birth and it is the spirit of self-defense that help the new citizens of U.S. win their own freedom from the British. But now as the gun shooting problem happening every day inRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control And The Prevention Of School Violence1402 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Cap† in Gun Control On April 20, 1999, two teenagers killed 13 people and wounded more than 20 at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado (Zirming). The incident drew worldwide attention. It led to widespread discussion over gun control and the prevention of school violence. With unstable characters like this jumping through the ineffective background checks, none are safe. You may think our little village is far from any of this. That’s what the families of victims in Sandy Hook said. Gun control

Right to Child for Behavior Ethical Dilemma-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRight to Child for Behavior Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Decision making and Behavior Ethical Dilemma Characteristics of the Dilemma The attributes of ethical dilemmas are situations where one has to make a choice when there are different options, but there are exist no perfect solution to the issue. Why the Situation is a Dilemma The ethical issue between Sai Munn and the educators is the dilemma of choice between options. There is an ethical decision-making dilemma in the instance where Sai is forced to do an action he hates and by swinging a block at the staff. This case is an ethical dilemma as the educator decision to force Sai to play cause anger which Sai solves by hiting on staff. Sai would have made a decision not to play at all which would have agitated the teacher. Instead, he resolves into hitting the teacher. Both the decisions made by Sai are wrong as none brings a perfect solution. Secondly, A dilemma is also evident with regard to decision making based on the behavior.The staff chooses an option of discriminating Sai by refusing to work with him as a punishment for the cost of his action whereas the low is against discrimination. Forcing Sai to play and discriminating upon him are illegal actions as per the law. The Group Resolution According to UNCRC, the child should be protected from anything that may cause harm to him or other people. The interest of a child and right to play should be respected, and no child should be discriminated against (Lundy,2007). The vice vasa happen in the case of Sai Munn as he is not protected from accessing harmful objects which he uses to hit the other staff. The educators should have solved the issue of Sai not listen to adult instructions by conducting counseling on the kid to find out his reasons. Secondly, the educators should ensure that any harmful substance that may be used by children to cause harm to them or others should be removed.Thirdly, the Professional considerations of the ECA code of ethics states the role and responsibility of early childhood professionals to be embedded on safeguarding the well-being of a child and ensuring that all the necessary needs are met ( Chin,2014). As a group, we advocate for the training of staff and counseling of children who refuses to play and on how to peacefully play with peers. Instead of forcing the kid into an action and discrimination on the kid due to his/her behavior. Educators should from an earlier age teach children skills that will be essential for them to their previous generations; this is because there are diverse forms of socialization both formally and formally which directly impacts on the skills a child is exposed to (Merrel Gimpell, 2014). For example, when a child is exposed to an aggressive environment he/she is more likely to be ambitious, social, hardworking and tolerant. Children who are exposed to conflict as a form of problem-solving are expected to be more violent in future ( Orlich et al., 2016). The UNCRC also advocates for voluntary participatory playrights of a child; this implies that children should not be forced to play games they don't wish to be a part. Instead, they can be taught on how to "play' and allowed to make decisions as per their interest (Nicholson et al., 2014). Educators should consider choosing other games that will involve the participation of all kids and encourage teamwork among children. Another way in which the educators can help Sai Munn change his behavior of not listening to adult in through appreciation and motivation. The educators should motivate and appreciate Sai and other children for positive things done, by doing this Sai will be encouraged to change his attitude and also learn from other kids. Rationale For The Resolution We discovered that most ethical dilemmas that occur among educators and children are more often non intentional as teachers usually make decisions based on what they believe is best' for the child. Besides empowering educators on the rights of the child and their roles as educators in ensuring the well-being of a child educators should be made aware of psychological factors influencing the behaviors of a child. Training and education of would help educators to understand the child needs and act to them appropriately entirely. Secondly, counseling of children allows educators discover the problems matter that promote certain negative attitudes in children and help in solving them by developing appropriate skills that will help children overcome their fears and focus on building skills that will help them later in their adult life. Psychological training also helps teachers to avoid any form of discrimination of a child in the form of punishing or reacting to a child's behavioral misco nduct. Forcing a child engagement in play activities demotivates a child desire to learn and make confident decisions from skills learned from the game. However, Encouraging voluntary decision making of a child on play activities prompt the development of high self-esteem, confidence and aggressiveness in children as they can acquire new skills and learn from others during play. Ethical considerations for the resolution Despite being talented and competent, children are sometimes vulnerable and unable to speak for themselves ( Newman Pollnitz, 2005). It is therefore unethical for an educator to discriminate on a child based on their behavior. As an alternative, the educator should, thus, work closely with the children's family purposely to understand values and systems of value acquisition which will promote ethical understanding of actions and behaviors of teachers when dealing with children and in avoiding discriminatory judgment. The westerner's belief on ethical conduct is based on understanding what is wrong to promote ethical and prevent the reoccurrence of further harm. Moral consideration among educators should be based on; recompensation for wrongs done, appreciation, maleficence, keeping promises, beneficence, and justice (Newman Pollnitz,2005). The ECA code of ethics bases its understanding of ethical considerations by expecting teachers to be the role model to children by avoiding harm such as discrimination on other children and recompensating for wrong ones through beneficience, justice and appreciation of work well done by children. Another ethical consideration that prompted us into resolving is the consideration of UNCRC documents which support a child rights to play and choice to decision making. Our group believes that forcing children to be paly may expose them to emotional torture; to avoid these children should be allowed to choose their game of interest through the guidance of their teachers. The ethical responsibility of the educator is to guide children into adapting these principals. Our decision on training teachers, on the other hand, was based on the NQS standards that advocate for national quality standards professional training of Kindergarten staff to enhance better understanding and management of child ren behavior (Barber et al., 2014). Training of teachers also equips them with ethical knowledge of solving problems, self-esteem issues and stress and depression among children. Right Based Considerations That Led To The Resolution Our rights-based considerations on the issue were entirely based on the UNCRC documents on the rights of the child which states the role of parents, teachers. Family and community in safeguarding the best interest of the child. We believe that all children have rights to express themselves in whatever way possible and it is the responsibility of the caregivers and teachers to guide children into the right ways. Unfortunately, most teachers lack proper knowledge on how to handle particular issue affecting children thus need extended training on child rights. Our foundation on teachers ethical conduct in resolving judgments on children was based on ECA code of ethics on teachers conduct which condones wrong assessment of children by educators but promote justice, motivation, equitable treatment and care for children thus forming the basis of protecting the best interest of a child (Boon,2011). Legal Considerations For The Resolution Given the legal standards shielding children from harmful treatment, we based our resolution on the NQS main quality areas that gained effect 1st October 2017 (NQF Changes, 2017). Health, safety and the physical environment of the child as paramount thus the need of advocating for child protection against any harm. Likewise, the UNCRC documents also support for the child welfare across all spheres. The NQS agreement is also concerned about educational programs, practice and staffing arrangements under which teachers should be equipped with sufficient training on children rights. Another legal factor we considered in making our decision was the relationship between educators and children whereby the law requires educators to maintain proper and equitable contact with children. Examining the relationship between Munn to peers and with an adult, we observed that: it is the legal responsibility of educators to help children building sensitive and responsive relationships with adults and their peers (Driskell,2017). Professional Considerations Professionally, the EYLF advocate for reciprocal respect among educators and children; mutual connection can never be achieved if children are not nurtured into diversity, equity, learning and reflection by their teachers (Krieg,2011).We resolved after observing the negative judgemental attitude of some staff on Munn after its misconduct. The UNCRC, NQS and ECA policies also share a common agenda on teachers ethical standards where teachers are discouraged from discriminating against children and campaigns for the use of appropriate measures in solving conflicts. School conflict resolution includes collaborative and partner relationship between teachers, children and the family (Webster-Stratton Bywater,2015 ). Ethical Dilemma Process Reflection Through the ethical dilemma in the case, I have learned that children should be nurtured into diversity through learning, reflection, and counseling. In my teaching practice, I discovered that teachers should learn to listen and understand children needs in enhancing the better relationship between them and children. Teachers should advocate for children rights by equipping themselves with various policies guiding their professional conduct and child's right protection. In enacting children rights, promotion educators should update their knowledge on children rights by attending continuous child rights seminars and conference and conducting research. Teachers can also advocate for children rights through counseling children, educating children on their rights and encouraging them to report any case they suspect to be manipulative to their rights. Children may at times fear reporting issues affecting their lives due to duress or threat; teachers should, therefore, provide a friendly e nvironment and create a rapport that will prompt children to participate in issues affecting them. Other ways of encouraging children participation in matters changing them is by introducing peer counseling activities and reflective composition writing and co-curriculum activities such as songs and poem writing that will enable children to express their feelings indirectly. Above all, educators should embrace confidentiality to promote informed participation of kids by opening on issues affecting them (Mayne et al.,2016). Breach of privacy may discourage children from opening up on issues affecting them. References Barber, H., Cohrssen, C., Church, A. (2014). Meeting the Australian national quality standards: A case study of the professional learning needs of early childhood educators.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,39(4), 21. Boon, H. (2011). Raising the bar: Ethics education for quality teachers.Australian Journal of Teacher Education,36(7), 81. Chin, M. C. (2014).An Exploration of How The Beliefs and Self-Perceptions of Early Childhood Teachers Influence Their Classroom Practice(Doctoral dissertation),36 Driskell, D. (2017).Creating better cities with children and youth: A manual for participation. Routledge. Hall,63. Krieg, S. (2011). The early Australian years learning framework: learning what?. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,12(1), 51. Lundy, L. (2007). Voice'is not enough: conceptualizing Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal,33(6), 927 Mayne, F., Howitt, C., Rennie, L. (2016). Meaningful informed consent with young children: looking forward to an interactive narrative approach. Early Child Development and Care, 186(5), 683. Merrell, K. W., Gimpel, G. (2014).Social skills of children and adolescents: Conceptualization, assessment, treatment. Psychology Press, 95. Newman, L. Pollnitz, L. (2005). Understanding ethics. In Working with children and families: professional, legal and ethical issues (pp. 137). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Prentice Nicholson, J., Shimpi, P. M., Kurnik, J., Carducci, C., Jevgjovikj, M. (2014). Listening to children's perspectives on the play across the lifespan: Children's right to inform adults' discussions of the contemporary game. International Journal of Play,3(2), 141 NQF Changes. (2017). Acecqa.gov.au. Retrieved 9 October 2017, from https://acecqa.gov.au/nqf-changes Orlich, D. C., Harder, R. J., Trevisan, M. S., Brown, A. H., Miller, D. E. (2016).Teaching strategies: A guide to practical instruction. Cengage Learning. Sheffield).942. Webster-Stratton, C., Bywater, T. (2015). Incredible partnerships: parents and teachers working together to enhance outcomes for children through a multi-modal evidence-based programme. Journal of Children's Services,10(3), 209

My Favourite Subject free essay sample

Taste and temperament differ from person to person. The taste of a student is different from that of a teacher. Taste also differs from student to student. Some students like to read fictions while some other students prefer science and mathematics. As a student, I read all kinds of subjects as per the syllabus. There are such subjects as Sanskrit, General Science, Mathematics, Hindi, Oriya and English. I read all these subjects for my high School Examination. But my favorite subject is Sanskrit. My father is respected as a learned Pandit in our locality. He has inspired me to read Sanskrit. I get plenty of inspiration to read Sanskrit at home. My father has a wide knowledge in this subject. I read the original text books in Sanskrit such as Megha Dutam by Kalidas, Panchatantra by Vishnu Sharma and Amar Kosha by Amar Singh. My father says that Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-Aryan language from which many European languages have been born. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favourite Subject or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sanskrit is also taught in school. I perform better in this subject. The Sanskrit teacher loves me very much for this reason. He tells me to read more and more of Sanskrit Grammar. He says that it is a very interesting subject. I can read this subject in graduation and Post-graduation stage also. I am sure that I can prosper a lot in this subject. I must try to fulfill the wish of my father and be a learned scholar in Sanskrit. At present, majority students are interested in engineering and computers. Very few students want to read Sanskrit. But they should remember that Sanskrit is the original language of India. It is also called Deva Bhasa or divine language. Indias culture is built upon this language. If we neglect this language, India will be neglected. The culture of India will deteriorate. You May Also Like:

Motivation Theorists and Their Theories

Motivation Theorists and Their Theories Free Online Research Papers Although the process of management is as old as history, scientific management as we know it today is basically a twentieth century phenomenon. Also, as in some other fields, practice has been far ahead of theory. This is still true in the field of management, contrary to the situation in some of the pure sciences. For instance, Albert Einstein, formulates a theory, which is later proved by decades of intensive research and experimentation. Not so in the field of management. In fact this field has been so devoid of real fundamental work so far, that Herbert A. Simon is the first management theoretician to win the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1978. His contribution itself gives a clue to the difficulty, bordering on impossibility, of real fundamental work in this field concerned with people. In order to arrive at a correct decision, the manager must have all the information necessary relevant to the various factors and all the time in the world to analyze the same. This is seldom, if ever, the case. Both the information available and the time at the managers disposal are limited, but he or she must make a decision. And the decision is, therefore, not the optimum one but a satisficing one in effect, a satisfactory compromise under the real conditions prevailing in the management arena. Traditional theory X This can best be ascribed to Sigmund Freud who was no lover of people, and was far from being optimistic. Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished. This is the so-called stick and carrot philosophy of management. If this theory were valid, managers will have to constantly police their staff, whom they cannot trust and who will refuse to cooperate. In such an oppressive and frustrating atmosphere, both for the manager and the managed, there is no possibility of any achievement or any creative work. But fortunately, as we know, this is not the case. Theory Y Douglas McGregor This is in sharp contrast to theory X. McGregor believed that people want to learn and that work is their natural activity to the extent that they develop self-discipline and self-development. They see their reward not so much in cash payments as in the freedom to do difficult and challenging work by themselves. The managers job is to dovetail the human wish for self-development into the organizations need for maximum productive efficiency. The basic objectives of both are therefore met and with imagination and sincerity, the enormous potential can be tapped. Does it sound too good to be true? It could be construed, by some, that Theory Y management is soft and slack. This is not true and the proof is in the pudding, for it has already proved its worth in the USA and elsewhere. For best results, the persons must be carefully selected to form a homogeneous group. A good leader of such a group may conveniently absent from group meetings so they can discuss the matters freely and help select and groom a new leader. The leader does no longer hanker after power, lets people develop freely, and may even (it is hoped) enjoy watching the development and actualization of people, as if, by themselves. Everyone, and most of all the organization, gains as a result. Theory Z Abraham Maslow This is a refreshing change from the theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow. Maslow totally rejects the dark and dingy Freudian basement and takes us out into the fresh, open, sunny and cheerful atmosphere. He is the main founder of the humanistic school or the third force which holds that all the good qualities are inherent in people, at least, at birth, although later they are gradually lost. Maslows central theme revolves around the meaning and significance of human work and seems to epitomize Voltaires observation in Candide, work banishes the three great evils -boredom, vice and poverty. The great sage Yajnavalkya explains in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad that by good works a man becomes holy, by evil works evil. A mans personality is the sum total of his works and that only his works survive a man at death. This is perhaps the essence of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, as it is more commonly know. Maslows major works include the standard textbook (in collaboration with Mittlemann), Principles of Abnormal Psychology (1941), a seminal paper, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) and the book, Eupsychian Management (pronounced yew-sigh-keyan) published in 1965. Maslows theory of human motivation is, in fact, the basis of McGregors theory Y briefly described above. The basic human needs, according to Maslow, are: physiological needs (Lowest) safety needs; love needs; esteem needs; and self-actualization needs (Highest) Mans behavior is seen as dominated by his unsatisfied needs and he is a perpetually wanting animal, for when one need is satisfied he aspires for the next higher one. This is, therefore, seen as an ongoing activity, in which the man is totally absorbed in order to attain perfection through self-development. The highest state of self-actualization is characterized by integrity, responsibility, magnanimity, simplicity and naturalness. Self-actualizers focus on problems external to themselves. His prescription for human salvation is simple, but not easy: Hard work and total commitment to doing well the job that fate or personal destiny calls you to do, or any important job that calls for doing. Maslow has had his share of critics, but he has been able to achieve a refreshing synthesis of divergent and influential philosophies of: Marx economic and physical needs; Freud physical and love needs; Adler esteem needs; Goldstein self-actualization. Frederick Herzberg Hygiene / Motivation Theory This is based on analysis of the interviews of 200 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area in the USA. According to this theory, people work first and foremost in their own self-enlightened interest, for they are truly happy and mentally healthy through work accomplishment. Peoples needs are of two types: Animal Needs (hygiene factors) Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Human Needs (motivators) Recognition Work Responsibility Advancement Unsatisfactory hygiene factors can act as de-motivators, but if satisfactory, their motivational effect is limited. The psychology of motivation is quite complex and Herzberg has exploded several myths about motivators such as: shorter working week; increasing wages; fringe benefits; sensitivity / human relations training; communication. As typical examples, saying please to shop-floor workers does not motivate them to work hard, and telling them about the performance of the company may even antagonize them more. Herzberg regards these also as hygiene factors, which, if satisfactory, satisfy animal needs but not human needs. Chris Argyris According to Argyris, organization needs to be redesigned for a fuller utilization of the most precious resource, the workers, in particular their psychological energy. The pyramidal structure will be relegated to the background, and decisions will be taken by small groups rather than by a single boss. Satisfaction in work will be more valued than material rewards. Work should be restructured in order to enable individuals to develop to the fullest extent. At the same time work will become more meaningful and challenging through self-motivation. Rensis Likert Likert identified four different styles of management: exploitative-authoritative; benevolent-authoritative; consultative; participative. The participative system was found to be the most effective in that it satisfies the whole range of human needs. Major decisions are taken by groups themselves and this results in achieving high targets and excellent productivity. There is complete trust within the group and the sense of participation leads to a high degree of motivation. Fred Luthans Luthans advocates the so-called contingency approach on the basis that certain practices work better than others for certain people and certain jobs. As an example, rigid, clearly defined jobs, authoritative leadership and tight controls lead in some cases to high productivity and satisfaction among workers. In some other cases just the opposite seems to work. It is necessary, therefore, to adapt the leadership style to the particular group of workers and the specific job in hand. Victor Vroom Vrooms expectancy theory is an extension of the contingency approach. The leadership style should be tailored to the particular situation and to the particular group. In some cases it appears best for the boss to decide and in others the group arrives at a consensus. An individual should also be rewarded with what he or she perceives as important rather than what the manager perceives. For example, one individual may value a salary increase, whereas another may, instead, value promotion. This theory contributes an insight into the study of employee motivation by explaining how individual goals influence individual performance. We have discussed above only a selection of the motivation theories and thoughts of the various proponents of the human behavior school of management. Not included here are, among others, the thoughts of: Seebohm Rowntree labor participation in management; Elton Mayo the Hawthorne Experiments; Kurt Lewin group dynamics; force field theory; David McClelland achievement motivation; George Humans the human group; William Whyte the organization man. What does it all add up to? Back to square one? Yes, indeed, the overall picture is certainly confusing. This is not surprising, for the human nature and human mind defy a clear-cut model, mathematical or otherwise. In some of the theories and thoughts presented, however, one can see some glimpses of the person and how, perhaps, he or she could be motivated. This is rewarding in itself. But, as noted earlier, practice has been ahead of theory in this field, so let us now move to the practical side of management of human behavior and motivation in the workplace. Application of employee motivation theory to the workplace Management literature is replete with actual case histories of what does and what does not motivate people. Presented here is a tentative initial broad selection of the various practices that have been tried in order to draw lessons for the future. Stick or carrot approach? The traditional Victorian style of strict discipline and punishment has not only failed to deliver the goods, but it has also left a mood of discontent amongst the working class. Punishment appears to have produced negative rather than positive results and has increased the hostility between them (the management) and us (the workers). In contrast to this, the carrot approach, involving approval, praise and recognition of effort has markedly improved the work atmosphere, leading to more productive work places and giving workers greater job satisfaction. Managers motivation toolkit The managers main task is to develop a productive work place, with and through those he or she is in charge of. The manager should motivate his or her team, both individually and collectively so that a productive work place is maintained and developed and at the same time employees derive satisfaction from their jobs. This may appear somewhat contradictory, but it seems to work. The main tools in the managers kitbag for motivating the team are: approval, praise and recognition trust, respect and high expectations loyalty, given that it may be received removing organizational barriers that stand in the way of individual and group performance (smooth business processes, systems, methods and resources see outline team building program) job enrichment good communications financial incentives These are arranged in order of importance and it is interesting to note that cash is way down the ladder of motivators. Lets look at a couple of examples taken from real life situations. The Swedish shipbuilding company, Kockums, turned a 15 million dollar loss into a 100 million dollar profit in the course of ten years due entirely to a changed perception of the workforce brought about by better motivation. At Western Electric there was a dramatic improvement in output after the supervisors and managers started taking greater interest in their employees. Dont coerce persuade! Persuasion is far more powerful than coercion, just as the pen is mightier than the sword. Managers have a much better chance of success if they use persuasion rather than coercion. The former builds morale, initiative and motivation, whilst the latter quite effectively kills such qualities. The three basic components in persuasion are: suggest; play on the persons sentiments; and appeal to logic. Once convinced, the person is so motivated as to deliver the goods. The manager will have achieved the goal quietly, gently and with the minimum of effort. It is, in effect, an effortless achievement. There has been a considerable amount of research into persuasion / motivation in the field of advertising and marketing. The research is entirely of the applied type, which can and has been used to great practical advantage. Some of the findings in this field were first published in the fifties in a book with the title, The Hidden Persuaders, which became a bestseller. More contemporary persuaders used by advertising and marketing people include: Faster talk is found to be more effective, since it is remembered better. Brain emits fast beta waves when a person is really interested in a particular presentation. These waves can be detected by an instrument. Subliminal approach using short duration presentation, whereby the message is transmitted below the level of awareness. Can these findings be used in actual work conditions? ATT (The American Telephone and Telegraph Co.,) recognizing the importance of hidden needs, at one time succeeded in promoting long distance calls by use of the simple phrase: Reach out, reach out and touch someone. Managers will need to adapt this persuasion / motivation technique to their own situation. Job satisfaction is there a trend? This is the title of a study carried out by the US Department of Labor among 1500 workers, who were asked to rate the job factors, from a list of 23, which they considered important starting from the most important factor. Their findings (Sanzotta (1977)) are contained in the table below. Job Satisfaction Findings White-collar workers Blue-collar workers A. Interesting work A. Good pay B. Opportunities for development B. Enough help and resources C. Enough information C. Job security D. Enough authority D. Enough information E. Enough help and resources E. Interesting work F. Friendly, helpful coworkers F. Friendly, helpful co-workers G. See results of own efforts G.Clearly defined responsibilities H. Competent supervision H.See results of own work I. Clearly defined responsibilities I. Enough Authority J. Good pay J. Competent supervision It is interesting that out of the 23 job factors listed for the survey, yet with the exception of two items (white-collar workers choice (B) and blue-collar workers choice (C)) groups selected the same top ten factors, although with different rankings. It is significant that good pay was considered as the most important factor by the blue-collar workers, but it ranked as the least important for white-collar workers. Individualize motivation policies It is well known that individual behavior is intensely personal and unique, yet companies seek to use the same policies to motivate everyone. This is mainly for convenience and ease compared to catering for individual oddities (Lindstone (1978)). Tailoring the policy to the needs of each individual is difficult but is far more effective and can pay handsome dividends. Fairness, decisiveness, giving praise and constructive criticism can be more effective than money in the matter of motivation. Leadership is considered synonymous (Tack (1979)) with motivation, and the best form of leadership is designated as SAL, situation adaptable leadership. In this style of leadership, one is never surprised or shocked, leadership must begin with the chief executive and it is more a matter of adaptation than of imparting knowledge. Ultimately, it is the leadership quality which leads to the success of a company through team building and motivating its people. The one-minute manager A contemporary bestseller (Blanchard Johnson (1983)) aimed at managers who seek to make star performers of their subordinates. To start with, the manager sets a goal, e.g. one page read in one minute, and it is seen to be achieved by one minute of praising or reprimand as the case may be. But to be effective, these must be given (a) promptly, (b) in specific terms, and the behavior, rather than the person, should be praised or reprimanded. The concept is basic and it makes sense, although the book seeks to dramatize it. One minute praising is seen to be the motivating force. Everyone is considered a winner, though some people are disguised as losers, and the manager is extolled not to be fooled by such appearances. Lessons from Americas Best-run Companies Another bestseller, In Search of Excellence (Peters Waterman (1982)). Several criteria, including analysis of annual reports and in-depth interviews, were used to pick 14 model excellent companies out of an initial sample of 62 companies. As expected, most of the action in high-performing companies revolved around its people, their success being ascribed to: productivity through people; extraordinary performance from ordinary employees; treating people decently. Personnel function and in particular leadership were considered the most critical components. If the leaders in an organization can create and sustain an environment in which all employees are motivated, the overall performance is bound to be good. The three essentials for creating such an environment are: fairness; job security; and involvement. Of all the resources available, the human resource is clearly the most significant, but also the most difficult to manage. Excellence can only be achieved through excellent performance of every person, rather than by the high-pitched performance of a few individuals. And motivation is, undoubtedly, the crux. Conclusion There is no simple answer to the question of how to motivate people. Can money motivate? Yes, but money alone is not enough, though it does help. We have discussed some of the pertinent theories bearing on human motivation and this is balanced by some of the practical factors which can lead to excellence. Human resource remains the focal point and leadership the critical component, and motivation has to be tailored to each individual. The next section deals with an important mode of motivation, namely financial aspects of rewarding employees. Research Papers on Motivation Theorists and Their TheoriesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part One

The Nature of Tragedy in Antigone is Unique and Profound Essay

The Nature of Tragedy in Antigone is Unique and Profound - Essay Example It is hard to see how it could ever have been maintained, except by those whose minds were prejudiced by predetermined opinions regarding the proper functions of tragedy. The whole tone of the play is against it. Right from the beginning to the end the reader’s/spectator’s sympathies are enlisted on the side of Antigone and in favor of the belief that human law must give way to the divine promptings of the ethics. Midway through the play, the Chorus makes an appearance on the scene to announce that the tragedy has begun. His speech offers a meta-theatrical commentary on the nature of tragedy. Here, in an obvious reference to Jean Cocteau, tragedy emulates the workings of a machine in perfect order, blithe and automatic in function. The candid and desultory event sets it on its unalterable march: in some sense, it has been lying in wait for its medium. Tragedy belongs to an order outside human time and action. It will advocate itself in spite of its players’ agenda and their attempts at involvement. Many critics allude to the ambivalent nature of this suspense. As noted by the Chorus, in tragedy everything is in the past. The spectator has abdicated, masochistically, to an array of events it abhors to watch. Suspense, here, is the period before those events actual realization. Having compared tragedy to other media, the Chorus then sets it off circuitously, particularly in the mode of melodrama. The tragedy is manifest as docile, cogent and eminent, free of melodramatic stock characters, dialogues, and other confrontations. All these are exigencies and hence inevitable.

Emirates Airlines Cabin Crew Strategic Development System for Essay

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