Digital Telecommunications and Network Free Essays

A system is characterized by Noergaard (2005) as an assortment of at least two associated gadgets that can send or get information. He further includes that the connection between these associated gadgets in a system decides the all out engineering. The reason for this report is to comprehend the arranged applications structures. We will compose a custom article test on Computerized Telecommunications and Network or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Two systems administration designs are secured here; the customer/server engineering and shared design. The report first gives a layout of these two models and their points of interest and burdens. It is seen that the business partitions its items on the idea of customer server model or shared model. A few applications perform better with the previous model while others perform better with the later model (Klemt 2005), 1992). In view of the comprehension of this report, two separate situations for a fundamental systems administration application will be investigated. The thought will be to pass judgment on the sort of systems administration engineering to be utilized for every situation. At last dependent on the whole examination, an end will be attracted with respect to which asset must be utilized in what circumstance. Section 1: Review of Client/Server and P2P application engineering Client/Server design Client-arrange registering is one of the most essential ideal models of disseminated processing, and this design depends on the worldview as portrayed by Jalote (2005). This design has at least three parts †a customer, a server and a system that associates these two frameworks. This is a two level design where a customer demands an assistance and the server gives it (Singh 2005). The server is typically gotten to through a remote methodology called RPC, solicitation of which is characterized by their mark. The handling of the solicitation is inward to the server and is straightforward to the customer. The customer and server might be on various or same frameworks Advantages of customer/server design Client server engineering utilizing RPCs has been utilized for longer than 10 years for framework wide trade figuring (Singh 2005). The fundamental purpose behind this is the significant level of dependability this engineering gives. It is likewise discovered that the expense of the whole framework over some undefined time frame is not as much as that utilized by different structures. Likewise, the engineering additionally improves security since any of its parts can be expelled without a significant effect on the other framework. This engineering prompts a superior dissemination of assets through the framework. This design additionally prompts expanded efficiency on the grounds that the front and back end dissemination of procedures is upgraded (Jalote, 2005). Inconveniences of customer/server engineering The primary drawback of the customer/server design is that there are different databases in the customer/server condition, making the administration and synchronizing of the information shared between them troublesome. This likewise prompts a trouble in programming circulation and arrangement the executives program, as the framework is disseminated. The expense of upkeep may likewise expand in view of the various systems being between organized. P2P engineering Peer-to-companion or P2P design is another method for overseeing dispersed applications. In this technique, the individual hubs have comparable and equivalent jobs, in contrast to the customer/server frameworks. In this engineering, the hubs are given jobs with the end goal that both can go about as customer and server. This sort of association requires at any rate two PCs associated with one another (Reid, 2004). So as to work effectively every hub of the framework should know the location of in any event another hub. Every hub can straightforwardly contact the other hub of the framework for utilizing its assets, without going trough the server (Heathcote Langfield, 2004) Advantages of P2P Architecture This kind of correspondence exists since the hour of old IBM PCs. The essential bit of leeway of a P2P arrange is that it is issue lenient and there is no single area for the deficiency. This implies the framework functions admirably in any event, when a few of its parts are missing (Verma, 2004). Likewise the mix of handling intensity of numerous hubs in a system incredibly expands the effectiveness of the framework as far as consolidated preparing force and capacity when contrasted and a focal server. P2P frameworks are consequently very self-sufficient and can make sure about namelessness. They can be for the most part sent in a specially appointed framework without requiring focal administration or control. At last, in contrast to the customer/server frameworks there is no requirement for a different system working framework (Reid, 2004). Impediments of P2P Architecture The sensibility of shared frameworks is a lot harder, because of the incredibly conveyed nature of the framework. Security is additionally not halfway controlled and the clients need to recall various passwords for getting to the assets situated on various hubs on the system (Porter, 2006). Offices, for example, reinforcement are the duties of the individual client dissimilar to the customer/server frameworks where the server can plan them. This framework works best for lesser number of frameworks in a system, for the most part under 10 (Reid, 2004). Section 2: The design of Mr. Robertson’s home system Network Architecture The engineering which I would propose for Mr. Robertson’s home would be a peerâ€to-peer organize. There is no need for a customer/server model for this situation. Likewise no kind of center framework is required, since the application is extremely basic Justification As is as of now clarified in the segment over, a distributed system is utilized for simplicity of uses without additional over-burden. The framework works best for frameworks which having under 10 frameworks. As Mr. Robertson’s framework utilizes just two PCs, the framework is perfect for this reason. What's more, the home system doesn't require the extra overhead of a server so an unadulterated shared framework, one with no server (Subramanian Goodman, 2005), can be utilized. The application for the most part utilized is the record sharing which can be effortlessly done. Likewise for utilizing the web, there is no need for the framework to have concurrent associations as is as of now referenced in the model. While, to most goals and purposes, a printer application requires the utilization of a server in order to deal with the print demand being sent from different frameworks, this is obviously not the situation here. The system ought to just have the ability to get print occupations from both the frameworks a concurrent operational capacity isn't generally required, as the application would not be excessively basic. In the most pessimistic scenario, the print employment could be dropped and given once more. At last, the utilization of a customer server framework would notwithstanding setting a server, likewise need extra parts and programming like a working framework, which isn't required for this situation, as there is no requirement for undertakings like distribution assets, reinforcements and so on. Additionally, Mr Robertson gets the upside of expelling any of the two frameworks from the system at whenever, and the subsequent part would work similarly too, as neither of the framework is a server. Segments for the home system notwithstanding the 2 PCs and printers bought by Mr. Robertson, he needs not very many parts to get his framework up a running. He would require the link modem, a turned link pair, media converter for running the web through link, a splitter and a print sharer. There is no need for a center point for such a framework, which is essential just if there are multiple PCs on a system. The splitter would partition the web association with the two frameworks which will the capacity of the print sharer moreover. A remote NIC or a wired one can be utilized to share the system. Just single quantities of parts, with the exception of the interfacing links, are required on the grounds that there are just two PCs. Topology of the home system The figure above shows the fundamental topology of the system. As clarified above, there is no requirement for a center point for only 2 frameworks. The printer can be associated either by means of a print sharer or the product can be utilized to do that by getting to the system. Here, every PC can get to the system printer. Moreover, the link association that comes can be part into two utilizing a splitter. This kind of systems administration requires essential least of parts and can be utilized for associating frameworks on a home system. This framework is extendable to multiple frameworks. The main distinction would be that all things considered, a center point would be utilized between the two frameworks rather than only a link. Likewise the link type, which is bent for this situation, may be changed for in excess of two PC frameworks, due to stack factors. For this situation likewise, there won't be any need for a server, as the printer errands will be shared, however not booked or oversaw by an outer framework. Section 3: The design of the LAN of BC Inc. System Architecture For the company’s LAN, a customer server framework is an absolute necessity. There are just 16 frameworks, on the LAN would more than satisfy the application need. There are various applications required for this framework. There is the printer administration which is numerous in numbers and areas. What's more, there is the conspicuous need for an email and web server for the business applications. This requires are requirement for the utilization of a customer/server model. Support In a large number of the circumstances given over the shared system neglects to have any utilization. Above all else is the quantity of frameworks. The P2P framework is just reasonable if the quantity of frameworks is under 10, as referenced prior. Likewise it isn't only the quantity of framework that is an issue, since it's anything but an exceptionally enormous system. Office applications generally speaking need a bigger number of highlights and usefulness than a locally established server, thus the heap on the system contributed by every framework is additionally a great deal. Notwithstanding this there is he extra need for security and reinforcements as comp

10 Bible New Testament Chapters Reading Assignment - 2750 Words

10 Bible New Testament Chapters Reading Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: NEW TESTAMENT JOURNALNameUniversity affiliationRomans chapter sixThe letter of Paul to the believers at Rome was written by Paul himself. Paul wrote this letter to help believers to establish themselves in the Christian faith. He wanted them to be firm grounded in the Christian doctrine (Smith, 2004). Chapter six of Romans is very essential because it deals with the concept of sin and Gods righteousness. Paul examines the consequences of sin vis--vis the gift of God which is eternal life. He urges believers to put aside sin and cleave to Gods righteousness.In this chapter one can ask himself/herself is sin so power the way Paul alludes? According to Paul, believers are called to put to death the desire for sin. This suggests that sin is the greatest enemy of believers. That is why Paul is encouraging them to unite with Christ in his death and baptism so as to overcome the power of sin. Believers cannot defeat sin on their own they need the grace and power of God. Ther e is no point for people who are in union with Christ to continue in sin (wellman, 2001). Sin has power and dominion over somebody who is not in Christ. The moment one receives Jesus then sin becomes powerless according to Paul.Believers have got an opportunity to be alive in God since the power of resurrection enables every believer to be set free from sin. This implies that believers have no reason whatsoever to obey sin or subject their bodies to unrighteousness. They should realize that they are no longer under the law but grace. Obedience to sin leads to bondage but obedience to Gods righteousness leads to life and freedom. Sin according to Paul opens the door for spiritual death and therefore believers should avoid sin at all cost. The righteousness of God on the other hand makes everyone a beneficiary of eternal life. It is therefore prudent for believers to make a decision between being righteous and being a slave of sin.Romans chapter 12In chapter twelve of Romans, Paul tak es time to urge believers to make their salvation practical. They are required to show the world that the salvation they have received is meaningful. This is supposed to be realized in the sacrifice they are to make for the sake of Christ (Peach, 2017). They are called upon to offer true worship to God and one way of doing this is by presenting their bodies to God. Believers are to ensure that their bodies do not partake of anything that will lead to defilement. This according to Paul will enable believers to focus on God than any other thing.In this chapter the life that believers live here on earth is very important because it should reflect the acts of salvation. It is important to find out how can a believer live an exemplary life here on earth? Paul encourages believers to surrender their lives to the service of God. By so doing believers will be pleasing God and living according to his will. They are also called upon to demonstrate humility by esteeming others more than themse lves. Appreciating others who form part of the body of Jesus Christ is essential for Christian life and service here on earth. It is paramount for believers to value the contribution of others in building the kingdom of God.Diversity according to Paul is very important when it comes to Christian life and ministry. Believers are gifted differently hence each ones gift must be recognized and valued. Unity in the body of Christ is necessary for cohesion and growth. Paul observes that if believers are united then serving God becomes easy. Paul also emphasizes genuine love as a bond of faith that keeps believers in union with God and one another. They are required to bless those who mistreat them wrongly as a sign of love and dedication to God. Living in harmony with everyone is inevitable for true believers in Christ. Christians are to give God an opportunity to fight their battles or their enemies. They are not required to engage their enemies directly but to show them love instead.Gal atians chapter oneThe letter to the church at Galatia was written by Paul. In this letter Paul is addressing the issue of Mosaic Law. Gentile Christians were being coerced to obey the Mosaic Law as a sign of salvation. Paul refuted this in the letter of Galatians (Harcourt, 2016). In chapter one, Paul takes time to explain his position as an apostle. He connects his call to God by pointing out that it is God who called him through Jesus Christ. This was to build confidence in his audience that they were dealing with a true servant of God. He emphasizes the authenticity of the gospel he was preaching.In this chapter Paul explains the need to hold on to the true gospel of Christ disregarding other teachings. The place of true gospel in the world is vital to building of the true Christian faith. This creates room to find out what is the place of the true gospel in the Christian fraternity? Paul alleges that believers in Galatia had decided to turn away from the real gospel and embrace wrong doctrine. This according to Paul was misleading and dangerous to their faith. It could easily corrupt the true word of God that they had received from him. True gospel according to Paul originates from God himself and is not a reserve of a few people. Paul explains how he received the gospel he was preaching. He states that it was not the effort of a human being but rather divine revelation.It is necessary to observe that Paul in this chapter deals with a critical thing that is ailing the Christian faith worldwide. The way people are turning away from the true teachings of Christ suggest that the true gospel is being disregarded in the church. People are quick to respond to what is fake than what God has provided. The true gospel is not grounded on an individuals knowledge or teachings but on the true revelation of Christ. The bible should form the basis of any doctrine that is being taught by Christian leaders. Misleading people in the name of God should not be accepted in th e church. Every Christian leader should be able to demonstrate sincerity when it comes to ministry. If Christian leaders cannot earn peoples trust when it comes to Christian ministry, then they have no business serving. Galatians chapter fiveIn this chapter, Paul deals with Christian liberty. He tells the church at Galatians to realize that they are no longer in bondage but instead they are free in Christ. However, they are required not to abuse the liberty they have in Christ. Giving the flesh an opportunity was automatically abusing the liberty that Christ has given (Copeland, 2009).The presence of the Holy Spirit in a believers life should make the believer to yield fruit of the spirit. Walking in the spirit enables one to remain in Christ.This chapter exposes significant aspects of Christian life that help anyone to stand for Christ. Is the law of great value than the Holy Spirit? Definitely no that is why Paul urges Christians not to entangle themselves with the things of the f lesh or the law because there is no profit they will get. The law according to Paul has no part to play in liberating Christians. Circumcision alone does not profit anything if people are not abiding in the will of God. The Holy Spirit is the present and active help that believers have here on earth. They are required to move in the spirit so as to forfeit the works of the law and the flesh. As believers go on with their endeavourers, the fruit of the spirit should be evident in their lives.In this regard it is in order to point out that the church of the 21st century is still operating in bondage even after Christ assured believers freedom. When people set Christian principles and doctrines on the basis of the law then it is a clear indication that the work of the Holy Spirit has not fully been realized among believers. The Holy Spirit is still fiction to some people yet they purport to be Christians. Walking in liberty is a benefit credited on every believers account. There is no excuse or reason whatsoever for a believer in this century to disregard the work of the Holy Spirit and instead walk in the flesh. The evidence put forth for the works of the flesh in this chapter suggests that the bar set for Christian liberty is high for some Christians to attain. That is why Paul calls people to a life full of the Spirit of God in order to overcome the flesh and meet the standard set by God for righteousness.Ephesians chapter twoThis letter is also referred to as prison epistle. Paul is believed to be the author of this letter while in prison. The letter deals so much with the church and the position of believers in the church. Chapter two of Ephesians Paul stresses reconciliation and restoration that Christians experiences when they are delivered by God from their wicked ways (Swindoll, 2017). When people are in sin they are estranged from God according to Paul. Immediately they are saved from bandage and made alive in Christ, there is need to acknowledge the sa ving grace of God. Paul argues that salvation is entirely the work of God and it requires no boasting.God planned and executed the plan of salvation. If this is true, is there any need for some people to boast about salvation? Paul argues that all humanity was estranged from God that why the grace of God through faith ushered believers into the righteousness of God. There is no need to boast about something that you did nothing about. The Blood of Jesus according to Paul broke the barrier of alienation that existed between God and humanity hence bringing people into life. It was not the prerogative of different individuals to save themselves therefore no need of boasting. It is God who redeems and makes all to be united to himself in the same body built on a firm fo...

Why The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered - 995 Words

In our world today, fifty percent of Americans believe it is appropriate for those under twenty-one to drink alcohol and want the legal drinking age to be lowered to eighteen. In the United States when an individual reaches eighteen, he or she are believed to be an adult. Becoming an adult as the law states that means mature enough to vote, purchase cigarettes, and even sign up for the military. When considering changing the drinking age to eighteen for many reasons to think through when it comes to health complications regards to well-being of others and maybe taken under circumstances where it may be excessively over used. Many individuals argue that the United States has the foremost careless drinkers with a little self-control once†¦show more content†¦Despite the facts that individuals contend with twenty-one the magic amount of our general public was pulled out of thin air as the suitable age. Here is the explanation for it the drinking age initially began at twenty-o ne yet in the sixties and seventies it gradually brought down to eighteen. Yet states recognized a huge increase in the highway death to teens have an influence on these laws. Then states realized before the change, the roads were much safer. This is ultimately why twenty-one was the suitable number. With that being said, it is regularly contended by teenagers that the drinking age is excessively high. They accept that in the event that they are qualified to vote, they may be sent to war and possibly die for our country at the age of eighteen; then they should be able to consume alcohol. Then again, the United States government saw issues with youth drinking and they chose to raise the drinking age. As extra motivation to enforce the age significance, the government proposed to stop all government subsiding of roadways to the states whose drinking was short of what twenty-one. By keeping the streets safe was the main purpose behind raising the drinking. This may be clichà © consid ering we hear this from our guardians constantly, yet our brains don t completely create until around the age of 20. Actually, the exact opposite thing that creates isShow MoreRelatedWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered908 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Drinking Age should be lowered to 18? At the age of 18, American Citizens gain the immense responsibility of becoming an adult. When you turn 18 you gain a sense of adulthood and many things that were illegal for you before are now legal. Object lessons are the right to sign a contract, vote in elections, attend on a jury, make a will, get married without parental permission and the list goes on. For what reason is it that you aren t old enough to purchase and consume alcohol. The passageRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthe drinking age should be lowered to eighteen like most of the world or if it should stay at twenty-one. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue for years, yet why is it not under control? Teenagers are continuing to buy alcohol with fake identification cards, drink, get into bars, and drink illegally. As a teen I have proof that these things are going on not only in college but in high school as well. There are a lot of factors that come together to why the drinking age should beRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered997 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the drinking age should not be lowered Alcoholism affects so many people in the United States due to accidents and much more but, many people say once teens turn 18 they should be able to do whatever they want, If they are able to vote, purchase nicotine products and become our troops, etc. So why not be able to drink? The drinking age has become a more controversial issue lately. There are many reasons of why the drinking age should not be lowered but if the drinking age was to be lowered toRead MoreWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Legal Drinking Age should Be Lowered Ever since its creation in ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and purposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more,Read MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesboredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you loo k at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more importantRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 Pages Lowering The Alcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drink

Gun Control Cons Essay - 1801 Words

Gun Control: Worse For Us Than We Know Almost everyone living in this country should have witnessed such debates. Some people might not have listened to a formal debate, but an informal gun control debate is being carried on by many groups and individuals. It is very unlikely that someone has not listened to one. Recall the occasions when you were traveling or waiting somewhere hearing the neighbors discussing gun control pros and cons. These conversations are also gun control debates in the wider sense of the term. After all, a debate does not have to be a formal one. The question where the gun control debate is heading to come from the fact that there have been innumerable rounds of this debate, but no conclusion seems to have been†¦show more content†¦The statement â€Å"Crime rates will skyrocket if guns are banned because the criminals will do anything to get guns† (ProsCons) is very true in this sense. The gun crime statistics from these countries reveal that after these laws have come into force, th ere has been a steep increase not only in the number of murders but also in the number of suicides. So, how do the pro -gun control groups react to these reports? Unfortunately, they have not been impressed by these facts. Their attitude to gun crime statistics has always been lukewarm. Since the facts are not on their side, they employ other means. The NRA (National rifles Association), for example, has made no secret of its decision to not accept any compromise on the issue of gun control. It has been threatening legislators that it will work for their defeat in the primaries, if they do not toe the line of the NRA. The threat seems to be working, with some legislators making attempts to change the rules in such a way that organizations like the CDC will not be able to study gun violence. One remarkable thing about the gun control debate is that though this debate has been carried on for the past few decades ever since gun control became a serious issue after President Kennedy was gunned down by an assassin, it has been able to sustain the interest of the people. People have listened to many gun control pros and cons but somehow, people engaging inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Pros and Cons of Gun Control1657 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss the pros and cons of gun control. Some U.S. States have already adopte d some of these gun control laws. I will be talking about the 2nd amendment, public safety, home safety, and do gun control laws really control guns. I hope after you have read this you will be more educated, and can pick your side of the gun control debate. So keep reading and find out more about the gun control laws that the federal and some state governments want to enforce on U.S. Citizens. FirearmsRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Gun Control1770 Words   |  8 Pagesimpacts of guns, either positive or negative, during some point of their life. It is because of the fact that guns are a part of numerous American’s lives that we must ask: is gun control needed for the protection of Americans or for the empowerment of the government through the removal of Americans rights. The issue of gun control is not a new topic, their have been numerous other nations who have had this question before them. In 1995, Canada established a new set of gun control laws banningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Gun Control in the United States Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is a growing issue as of late, due to recent events such as school shootings as well as crimes which are committed daily due to gun violence the issue has been more controversial than ever before. IT is true that by owing a gun you can feel a sense of self- empowerment as it can allow you to protect yourself as well as your loved ones. However, owing a gun is a double edge sword in today’s world. The reason is that with the sudden increase in gun violence more people have beganbegun toRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1573 Words   |  7 Pagesissue being gun control and how guns affect and/or end lives, the even bigger issue though is the issue of how people can or can not write about gun control to educate the public. Gun Control is an issue that needs to be avoided when trying to persuade readers of an opinion for two reasons, the issue of gun control is a terrible essay topic because there are too many emotions involved in gun control debates and because in general there is no good research on gun control. The only essays and articlesRead MoreGun Control859 Words   |  4 PagesScholarly Essay: Gun Control There has been considerable debate recently in Canada over the issue of gun control. The Canadian parliament enacted the Firearms Act to enforce gun control by requiring gun owners to register their firearms. Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, complaining that the law is unconst... Gun Control Gun control Gun Control Part I:Introduction The issue of gun control and violenceRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Gun Of The Teeth : The Worldwide Plague Of Small Arms1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis one gun for every ten people on earth today. The people who supports gun control believe that if we are trying to save the world, guns for wars should not be shipped around for individual uses. There have been around 400 million deaths due to small arms and conflicts since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Once a person owns a gun, it is very rare that they will be willing to give the gun up. In South Africa, guns have been melted down, blown up, and cut into pieces. If there were stricter gun controlRead MoreWhy Gun Control Is Bad793 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Argumentative Essay All guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care. Guns have been part of American life for as long as people can remember. For most people guns are perceived as very dangerous and harmful. However, that is not true; guns can be dangerous, but only if they are in the wrong hands. Owning a gun is right that every American should be able to take pride in having. Guns are used for self-defense, hunting, law enforcement and other uses.Read MoreGun Control Argument798 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control The gun control debate in the US is often contentious and politically divisive. And with upcoming elections always looming in the near future, we will continue hearing a great deal from the media as well as politicians about what should or should not be done about â€Å"too many guns† in our society. Unfortunately, too many Americans do not take time to truly understand the issues and the reasoning behind both sides of the controversy. To help get a clearer perspective of the problem, thereRead MoreGun Control Research Paper 1263 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Modern issues essay Gun control is a controversial issue for a long time around the world, particularly in U.S. because of a lots of mass shooting in school and public places. The second Amendment of the U.S. constitution is one of the shortest in all of the bill of right, it was written by the time period of American’s birth and it is the spirit of self-defense that help the new citizens of U.S. win their own freedom from the British. But now as the gun shooting problem happening every day inRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control And The Prevention Of School Violence1402 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Cap† in Gun Control On April 20, 1999, two teenagers killed 13 people and wounded more than 20 at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado (Zirming). The incident drew worldwide attention. It led to widespread discussion over gun control and the prevention of school violence. With unstable characters like this jumping through the ineffective background checks, none are safe. You may think our little village is far from any of this. That’s what the families of victims in Sandy Hook said. Gun control

Right to Child for Behavior Ethical Dilemma-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRight to Child for Behavior Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Decision making and Behavior Ethical Dilemma Characteristics of the Dilemma The attributes of ethical dilemmas are situations where one has to make a choice when there are different options, but there are exist no perfect solution to the issue. Why the Situation is a Dilemma The ethical issue between Sai Munn and the educators is the dilemma of choice between options. There is an ethical decision-making dilemma in the instance where Sai is forced to do an action he hates and by swinging a block at the staff. This case is an ethical dilemma as the educator decision to force Sai to play cause anger which Sai solves by hiting on staff. Sai would have made a decision not to play at all which would have agitated the teacher. Instead, he resolves into hitting the teacher. Both the decisions made by Sai are wrong as none brings a perfect solution. Secondly, A dilemma is also evident with regard to decision making based on the behavior.The staff chooses an option of discriminating Sai by refusing to work with him as a punishment for the cost of his action whereas the low is against discrimination. Forcing Sai to play and discriminating upon him are illegal actions as per the law. The Group Resolution According to UNCRC, the child should be protected from anything that may cause harm to him or other people. The interest of a child and right to play should be respected, and no child should be discriminated against (Lundy,2007). The vice vasa happen in the case of Sai Munn as he is not protected from accessing harmful objects which he uses to hit the other staff. The educators should have solved the issue of Sai not listen to adult instructions by conducting counseling on the kid to find out his reasons. Secondly, the educators should ensure that any harmful substance that may be used by children to cause harm to them or others should be removed.Thirdly, the Professional considerations of the ECA code of ethics states the role and responsibility of early childhood professionals to be embedded on safeguarding the well-being of a child and ensuring that all the necessary needs are met ( Chin,2014). As a group, we advocate for the training of staff and counseling of children who refuses to play and on how to peacefully play with peers. Instead of forcing the kid into an action and discrimination on the kid due to his/her behavior. Educators should from an earlier age teach children skills that will be essential for them to their previous generations; this is because there are diverse forms of socialization both formally and formally which directly impacts on the skills a child is exposed to (Merrel Gimpell, 2014). For example, when a child is exposed to an aggressive environment he/she is more likely to be ambitious, social, hardworking and tolerant. Children who are exposed to conflict as a form of problem-solving are expected to be more violent in future ( Orlich et al., 2016). The UNCRC also advocates for voluntary participatory playrights of a child; this implies that children should not be forced to play games they don't wish to be a part. Instead, they can be taught on how to "play' and allowed to make decisions as per their interest (Nicholson et al., 2014). Educators should consider choosing other games that will involve the participation of all kids and encourage teamwork among children. Another way in which the educators can help Sai Munn change his behavior of not listening to adult in through appreciation and motivation. The educators should motivate and appreciate Sai and other children for positive things done, by doing this Sai will be encouraged to change his attitude and also learn from other kids. Rationale For The Resolution We discovered that most ethical dilemmas that occur among educators and children are more often non intentional as teachers usually make decisions based on what they believe is best' for the child. Besides empowering educators on the rights of the child and their roles as educators in ensuring the well-being of a child educators should be made aware of psychological factors influencing the behaviors of a child. Training and education of would help educators to understand the child needs and act to them appropriately entirely. Secondly, counseling of children allows educators discover the problems matter that promote certain negative attitudes in children and help in solving them by developing appropriate skills that will help children overcome their fears and focus on building skills that will help them later in their adult life. Psychological training also helps teachers to avoid any form of discrimination of a child in the form of punishing or reacting to a child's behavioral misco nduct. Forcing a child engagement in play activities demotivates a child desire to learn and make confident decisions from skills learned from the game. However, Encouraging voluntary decision making of a child on play activities prompt the development of high self-esteem, confidence and aggressiveness in children as they can acquire new skills and learn from others during play. Ethical considerations for the resolution Despite being talented and competent, children are sometimes vulnerable and unable to speak for themselves ( Newman Pollnitz, 2005). It is therefore unethical for an educator to discriminate on a child based on their behavior. As an alternative, the educator should, thus, work closely with the children's family purposely to understand values and systems of value acquisition which will promote ethical understanding of actions and behaviors of teachers when dealing with children and in avoiding discriminatory judgment. The westerner's belief on ethical conduct is based on understanding what is wrong to promote ethical and prevent the reoccurrence of further harm. Moral consideration among educators should be based on; recompensation for wrongs done, appreciation, maleficence, keeping promises, beneficence, and justice (Newman Pollnitz,2005). The ECA code of ethics bases its understanding of ethical considerations by expecting teachers to be the role model to children by avoiding harm such as discrimination on other children and recompensating for wrong ones through beneficience, justice and appreciation of work well done by children. Another ethical consideration that prompted us into resolving is the consideration of UNCRC documents which support a child rights to play and choice to decision making. Our group believes that forcing children to be paly may expose them to emotional torture; to avoid these children should be allowed to choose their game of interest through the guidance of their teachers. The ethical responsibility of the educator is to guide children into adapting these principals. Our decision on training teachers, on the other hand, was based on the NQS standards that advocate for national quality standards professional training of Kindergarten staff to enhance better understanding and management of child ren behavior (Barber et al., 2014). Training of teachers also equips them with ethical knowledge of solving problems, self-esteem issues and stress and depression among children. Right Based Considerations That Led To The Resolution Our rights-based considerations on the issue were entirely based on the UNCRC documents on the rights of the child which states the role of parents, teachers. Family and community in safeguarding the best interest of the child. We believe that all children have rights to express themselves in whatever way possible and it is the responsibility of the caregivers and teachers to guide children into the right ways. Unfortunately, most teachers lack proper knowledge on how to handle particular issue affecting children thus need extended training on child rights. Our foundation on teachers ethical conduct in resolving judgments on children was based on ECA code of ethics on teachers conduct which condones wrong assessment of children by educators but promote justice, motivation, equitable treatment and care for children thus forming the basis of protecting the best interest of a child (Boon,2011). Legal Considerations For The Resolution Given the legal standards shielding children from harmful treatment, we based our resolution on the NQS main quality areas that gained effect 1st October 2017 (NQF Changes, 2017). Health, safety and the physical environment of the child as paramount thus the need of advocating for child protection against any harm. Likewise, the UNCRC documents also support for the child welfare across all spheres. The NQS agreement is also concerned about educational programs, practice and staffing arrangements under which teachers should be equipped with sufficient training on children rights. Another legal factor we considered in making our decision was the relationship between educators and children whereby the law requires educators to maintain proper and equitable contact with children. Examining the relationship between Munn to peers and with an adult, we observed that: it is the legal responsibility of educators to help children building sensitive and responsive relationships with adults and their peers (Driskell,2017). Professional Considerations Professionally, the EYLF advocate for reciprocal respect among educators and children; mutual connection can never be achieved if children are not nurtured into diversity, equity, learning and reflection by their teachers (Krieg,2011).We resolved after observing the negative judgemental attitude of some staff on Munn after its misconduct. The UNCRC, NQS and ECA policies also share a common agenda on teachers ethical standards where teachers are discouraged from discriminating against children and campaigns for the use of appropriate measures in solving conflicts. School conflict resolution includes collaborative and partner relationship between teachers, children and the family (Webster-Stratton Bywater,2015 ). Ethical Dilemma Process Reflection Through the ethical dilemma in the case, I have learned that children should be nurtured into diversity through learning, reflection, and counseling. In my teaching practice, I discovered that teachers should learn to listen and understand children needs in enhancing the better relationship between them and children. Teachers should advocate for children rights by equipping themselves with various policies guiding their professional conduct and child's right protection. In enacting children rights, promotion educators should update their knowledge on children rights by attending continuous child rights seminars and conference and conducting research. Teachers can also advocate for children rights through counseling children, educating children on their rights and encouraging them to report any case they suspect to be manipulative to their rights. Children may at times fear reporting issues affecting their lives due to duress or threat; teachers should, therefore, provide a friendly e nvironment and create a rapport that will prompt children to participate in issues affecting them. Other ways of encouraging children participation in matters changing them is by introducing peer counseling activities and reflective composition writing and co-curriculum activities such as songs and poem writing that will enable children to express their feelings indirectly. Above all, educators should embrace confidentiality to promote informed participation of kids by opening on issues affecting them (Mayne et al.,2016). Breach of privacy may discourage children from opening up on issues affecting them. References Barber, H., Cohrssen, C., Church, A. (2014). Meeting the Australian national quality standards: A case study of the professional learning needs of early childhood educators.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,39(4), 21. Boon, H. (2011). Raising the bar: Ethics education for quality teachers.Australian Journal of Teacher Education,36(7), 81. Chin, M. C. (2014).An Exploration of How The Beliefs and Self-Perceptions of Early Childhood Teachers Influence Their Classroom Practice(Doctoral dissertation),36 Driskell, D. (2017).Creating better cities with children and youth: A manual for participation. Routledge. Hall,63. Krieg, S. (2011). The early Australian years learning framework: learning what?. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,12(1), 51. Lundy, L. (2007). Voice'is not enough: conceptualizing Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal,33(6), 927 Mayne, F., Howitt, C., Rennie, L. (2016). Meaningful informed consent with young children: looking forward to an interactive narrative approach. Early Child Development and Care, 186(5), 683. Merrell, K. W., Gimpel, G. (2014).Social skills of children and adolescents: Conceptualization, assessment, treatment. Psychology Press, 95. Newman, L. Pollnitz, L. (2005). Understanding ethics. In Working with children and families: professional, legal and ethical issues (pp. 137). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Prentice Nicholson, J., Shimpi, P. M., Kurnik, J., Carducci, C., Jevgjovikj, M. (2014). Listening to children's perspectives on the play across the lifespan: Children's right to inform adults' discussions of the contemporary game. International Journal of Play,3(2), 141 NQF Changes. (2017). Acecqa.gov.au. Retrieved 9 October 2017, from https://acecqa.gov.au/nqf-changes Orlich, D. C., Harder, R. J., Trevisan, M. S., Brown, A. H., Miller, D. E. (2016).Teaching strategies: A guide to practical instruction. Cengage Learning. Sheffield).942. Webster-Stratton, C., Bywater, T. (2015). Incredible partnerships: parents and teachers working together to enhance outcomes for children through a multi-modal evidence-based programme. Journal of Children's Services,10(3), 209

My Favourite Subject free essay sample

Taste and temperament differ from person to person. The taste of a student is different from that of a teacher. Taste also differs from student to student. Some students like to read fictions while some other students prefer science and mathematics. As a student, I read all kinds of subjects as per the syllabus. There are such subjects as Sanskrit, General Science, Mathematics, Hindi, Oriya and English. I read all these subjects for my high School Examination. But my favorite subject is Sanskrit. My father is respected as a learned Pandit in our locality. He has inspired me to read Sanskrit. I get plenty of inspiration to read Sanskrit at home. My father has a wide knowledge in this subject. I read the original text books in Sanskrit such as Megha Dutam by Kalidas, Panchatantra by Vishnu Sharma and Amar Kosha by Amar Singh. My father says that Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-Aryan language from which many European languages have been born. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favourite Subject or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sanskrit is also taught in school. I perform better in this subject. The Sanskrit teacher loves me very much for this reason. He tells me to read more and more of Sanskrit Grammar. He says that it is a very interesting subject. I can read this subject in graduation and Post-graduation stage also. I am sure that I can prosper a lot in this subject. I must try to fulfill the wish of my father and be a learned scholar in Sanskrit. At present, majority students are interested in engineering and computers. Very few students want to read Sanskrit. But they should remember that Sanskrit is the original language of India. It is also called Deva Bhasa or divine language. Indias culture is built upon this language. If we neglect this language, India will be neglected. The culture of India will deteriorate. You May Also Like:

Motivation Theorists and Their Theories

Motivation Theorists and Their Theories Free Online Research Papers Although the process of management is as old as history, scientific management as we know it today is basically a twentieth century phenomenon. Also, as in some other fields, practice has been far ahead of theory. This is still true in the field of management, contrary to the situation in some of the pure sciences. For instance, Albert Einstein, formulates a theory, which is later proved by decades of intensive research and experimentation. Not so in the field of management. In fact this field has been so devoid of real fundamental work so far, that Herbert A. Simon is the first management theoretician to win the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1978. His contribution itself gives a clue to the difficulty, bordering on impossibility, of real fundamental work in this field concerned with people. In order to arrive at a correct decision, the manager must have all the information necessary relevant to the various factors and all the time in the world to analyze the same. This is seldom, if ever, the case. Both the information available and the time at the managers disposal are limited, but he or she must make a decision. And the decision is, therefore, not the optimum one but a satisficing one in effect, a satisfactory compromise under the real conditions prevailing in the management arena. Traditional theory X This can best be ascribed to Sigmund Freud who was no lover of people, and was far from being optimistic. Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished. This is the so-called stick and carrot philosophy of management. If this theory were valid, managers will have to constantly police their staff, whom they cannot trust and who will refuse to cooperate. In such an oppressive and frustrating atmosphere, both for the manager and the managed, there is no possibility of any achievement or any creative work. But fortunately, as we know, this is not the case. Theory Y Douglas McGregor This is in sharp contrast to theory X. McGregor believed that people want to learn and that work is their natural activity to the extent that they develop self-discipline and self-development. They see their reward not so much in cash payments as in the freedom to do difficult and challenging work by themselves. The managers job is to dovetail the human wish for self-development into the organizations need for maximum productive efficiency. The basic objectives of both are therefore met and with imagination and sincerity, the enormous potential can be tapped. Does it sound too good to be true? It could be construed, by some, that Theory Y management is soft and slack. This is not true and the proof is in the pudding, for it has already proved its worth in the USA and elsewhere. For best results, the persons must be carefully selected to form a homogeneous group. A good leader of such a group may conveniently absent from group meetings so they can discuss the matters freely and help select and groom a new leader. The leader does no longer hanker after power, lets people develop freely, and may even (it is hoped) enjoy watching the development and actualization of people, as if, by themselves. Everyone, and most of all the organization, gains as a result. Theory Z Abraham Maslow This is a refreshing change from the theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow. Maslow totally rejects the dark and dingy Freudian basement and takes us out into the fresh, open, sunny and cheerful atmosphere. He is the main founder of the humanistic school or the third force which holds that all the good qualities are inherent in people, at least, at birth, although later they are gradually lost. Maslows central theme revolves around the meaning and significance of human work and seems to epitomize Voltaires observation in Candide, work banishes the three great evils -boredom, vice and poverty. The great sage Yajnavalkya explains in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad that by good works a man becomes holy, by evil works evil. A mans personality is the sum total of his works and that only his works survive a man at death. This is perhaps the essence of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, as it is more commonly know. Maslows major works include the standard textbook (in collaboration with Mittlemann), Principles of Abnormal Psychology (1941), a seminal paper, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) and the book, Eupsychian Management (pronounced yew-sigh-keyan) published in 1965. Maslows theory of human motivation is, in fact, the basis of McGregors theory Y briefly described above. The basic human needs, according to Maslow, are: physiological needs (Lowest) safety needs; love needs; esteem needs; and self-actualization needs (Highest) Mans behavior is seen as dominated by his unsatisfied needs and he is a perpetually wanting animal, for when one need is satisfied he aspires for the next higher one. This is, therefore, seen as an ongoing activity, in which the man is totally absorbed in order to attain perfection through self-development. The highest state of self-actualization is characterized by integrity, responsibility, magnanimity, simplicity and naturalness. Self-actualizers focus on problems external to themselves. His prescription for human salvation is simple, but not easy: Hard work and total commitment to doing well the job that fate or personal destiny calls you to do, or any important job that calls for doing. Maslow has had his share of critics, but he has been able to achieve a refreshing synthesis of divergent and influential philosophies of: Marx economic and physical needs; Freud physical and love needs; Adler esteem needs; Goldstein self-actualization. Frederick Herzberg Hygiene / Motivation Theory This is based on analysis of the interviews of 200 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area in the USA. According to this theory, people work first and foremost in their own self-enlightened interest, for they are truly happy and mentally healthy through work accomplishment. Peoples needs are of two types: Animal Needs (hygiene factors) Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Human Needs (motivators) Recognition Work Responsibility Advancement Unsatisfactory hygiene factors can act as de-motivators, but if satisfactory, their motivational effect is limited. The psychology of motivation is quite complex and Herzberg has exploded several myths about motivators such as: shorter working week; increasing wages; fringe benefits; sensitivity / human relations training; communication. As typical examples, saying please to shop-floor workers does not motivate them to work hard, and telling them about the performance of the company may even antagonize them more. Herzberg regards these also as hygiene factors, which, if satisfactory, satisfy animal needs but not human needs. Chris Argyris According to Argyris, organization needs to be redesigned for a fuller utilization of the most precious resource, the workers, in particular their psychological energy. The pyramidal structure will be relegated to the background, and decisions will be taken by small groups rather than by a single boss. Satisfaction in work will be more valued than material rewards. Work should be restructured in order to enable individuals to develop to the fullest extent. At the same time work will become more meaningful and challenging through self-motivation. Rensis Likert Likert identified four different styles of management: exploitative-authoritative; benevolent-authoritative; consultative; participative. The participative system was found to be the most effective in that it satisfies the whole range of human needs. Major decisions are taken by groups themselves and this results in achieving high targets and excellent productivity. There is complete trust within the group and the sense of participation leads to a high degree of motivation. Fred Luthans Luthans advocates the so-called contingency approach on the basis that certain practices work better than others for certain people and certain jobs. As an example, rigid, clearly defined jobs, authoritative leadership and tight controls lead in some cases to high productivity and satisfaction among workers. In some other cases just the opposite seems to work. It is necessary, therefore, to adapt the leadership style to the particular group of workers and the specific job in hand. Victor Vroom Vrooms expectancy theory is an extension of the contingency approach. The leadership style should be tailored to the particular situation and to the particular group. In some cases it appears best for the boss to decide and in others the group arrives at a consensus. An individual should also be rewarded with what he or she perceives as important rather than what the manager perceives. For example, one individual may value a salary increase, whereas another may, instead, value promotion. This theory contributes an insight into the study of employee motivation by explaining how individual goals influence individual performance. We have discussed above only a selection of the motivation theories and thoughts of the various proponents of the human behavior school of management. Not included here are, among others, the thoughts of: Seebohm Rowntree labor participation in management; Elton Mayo the Hawthorne Experiments; Kurt Lewin group dynamics; force field theory; David McClelland achievement motivation; George Humans the human group; William Whyte the organization man. What does it all add up to? Back to square one? Yes, indeed, the overall picture is certainly confusing. This is not surprising, for the human nature and human mind defy a clear-cut model, mathematical or otherwise. In some of the theories and thoughts presented, however, one can see some glimpses of the person and how, perhaps, he or she could be motivated. This is rewarding in itself. But, as noted earlier, practice has been ahead of theory in this field, so let us now move to the practical side of management of human behavior and motivation in the workplace. Application of employee motivation theory to the workplace Management literature is replete with actual case histories of what does and what does not motivate people. Presented here is a tentative initial broad selection of the various practices that have been tried in order to draw lessons for the future. Stick or carrot approach? The traditional Victorian style of strict discipline and punishment has not only failed to deliver the goods, but it has also left a mood of discontent amongst the working class. Punishment appears to have produced negative rather than positive results and has increased the hostility between them (the management) and us (the workers). In contrast to this, the carrot approach, involving approval, praise and recognition of effort has markedly improved the work atmosphere, leading to more productive work places and giving workers greater job satisfaction. Managers motivation toolkit The managers main task is to develop a productive work place, with and through those he or she is in charge of. The manager should motivate his or her team, both individually and collectively so that a productive work place is maintained and developed and at the same time employees derive satisfaction from their jobs. This may appear somewhat contradictory, but it seems to work. The main tools in the managers kitbag for motivating the team are: approval, praise and recognition trust, respect and high expectations loyalty, given that it may be received removing organizational barriers that stand in the way of individual and group performance (smooth business processes, systems, methods and resources see outline team building program) job enrichment good communications financial incentives These are arranged in order of importance and it is interesting to note that cash is way down the ladder of motivators. Lets look at a couple of examples taken from real life situations. The Swedish shipbuilding company, Kockums, turned a 15 million dollar loss into a 100 million dollar profit in the course of ten years due entirely to a changed perception of the workforce brought about by better motivation. At Western Electric there was a dramatic improvement in output after the supervisors and managers started taking greater interest in their employees. Dont coerce persuade! Persuasion is far more powerful than coercion, just as the pen is mightier than the sword. Managers have a much better chance of success if they use persuasion rather than coercion. The former builds morale, initiative and motivation, whilst the latter quite effectively kills such qualities. The three basic components in persuasion are: suggest; play on the persons sentiments; and appeal to logic. Once convinced, the person is so motivated as to deliver the goods. The manager will have achieved the goal quietly, gently and with the minimum of effort. It is, in effect, an effortless achievement. There has been a considerable amount of research into persuasion / motivation in the field of advertising and marketing. The research is entirely of the applied type, which can and has been used to great practical advantage. Some of the findings in this field were first published in the fifties in a book with the title, The Hidden Persuaders, which became a bestseller. More contemporary persuaders used by advertising and marketing people include: Faster talk is found to be more effective, since it is remembered better. Brain emits fast beta waves when a person is really interested in a particular presentation. These waves can be detected by an instrument. Subliminal approach using short duration presentation, whereby the message is transmitted below the level of awareness. Can these findings be used in actual work conditions? ATT (The American Telephone and Telegraph Co.,) recognizing the importance of hidden needs, at one time succeeded in promoting long distance calls by use of the simple phrase: Reach out, reach out and touch someone. Managers will need to adapt this persuasion / motivation technique to their own situation. Job satisfaction is there a trend? This is the title of a study carried out by the US Department of Labor among 1500 workers, who were asked to rate the job factors, from a list of 23, which they considered important starting from the most important factor. Their findings (Sanzotta (1977)) are contained in the table below. Job Satisfaction Findings White-collar workers Blue-collar workers A. Interesting work A. Good pay B. Opportunities for development B. Enough help and resources C. Enough information C. Job security D. Enough authority D. Enough information E. Enough help and resources E. Interesting work F. Friendly, helpful coworkers F. Friendly, helpful co-workers G. See results of own efforts G.Clearly defined responsibilities H. Competent supervision H.See results of own work I. Clearly defined responsibilities I. Enough Authority J. Good pay J. Competent supervision It is interesting that out of the 23 job factors listed for the survey, yet with the exception of two items (white-collar workers choice (B) and blue-collar workers choice (C)) groups selected the same top ten factors, although with different rankings. It is significant that good pay was considered as the most important factor by the blue-collar workers, but it ranked as the least important for white-collar workers. Individualize motivation policies It is well known that individual behavior is intensely personal and unique, yet companies seek to use the same policies to motivate everyone. This is mainly for convenience and ease compared to catering for individual oddities (Lindstone (1978)). Tailoring the policy to the needs of each individual is difficult but is far more effective and can pay handsome dividends. Fairness, decisiveness, giving praise and constructive criticism can be more effective than money in the matter of motivation. Leadership is considered synonymous (Tack (1979)) with motivation, and the best form of leadership is designated as SAL, situation adaptable leadership. In this style of leadership, one is never surprised or shocked, leadership must begin with the chief executive and it is more a matter of adaptation than of imparting knowledge. Ultimately, it is the leadership quality which leads to the success of a company through team building and motivating its people. The one-minute manager A contemporary bestseller (Blanchard Johnson (1983)) aimed at managers who seek to make star performers of their subordinates. To start with, the manager sets a goal, e.g. one page read in one minute, and it is seen to be achieved by one minute of praising or reprimand as the case may be. But to be effective, these must be given (a) promptly, (b) in specific terms, and the behavior, rather than the person, should be praised or reprimanded. The concept is basic and it makes sense, although the book seeks to dramatize it. One minute praising is seen to be the motivating force. Everyone is considered a winner, though some people are disguised as losers, and the manager is extolled not to be fooled by such appearances. Lessons from Americas Best-run Companies Another bestseller, In Search of Excellence (Peters Waterman (1982)). Several criteria, including analysis of annual reports and in-depth interviews, were used to pick 14 model excellent companies out of an initial sample of 62 companies. As expected, most of the action in high-performing companies revolved around its people, their success being ascribed to: productivity through people; extraordinary performance from ordinary employees; treating people decently. Personnel function and in particular leadership were considered the most critical components. If the leaders in an organization can create and sustain an environment in which all employees are motivated, the overall performance is bound to be good. The three essentials for creating such an environment are: fairness; job security; and involvement. Of all the resources available, the human resource is clearly the most significant, but also the most difficult to manage. Excellence can only be achieved through excellent performance of every person, rather than by the high-pitched performance of a few individuals. And motivation is, undoubtedly, the crux. Conclusion There is no simple answer to the question of how to motivate people. Can money motivate? Yes, but money alone is not enough, though it does help. We have discussed some of the pertinent theories bearing on human motivation and this is balanced by some of the practical factors which can lead to excellence. Human resource remains the focal point and leadership the critical component, and motivation has to be tailored to each individual. The next section deals with an important mode of motivation, namely financial aspects of rewarding employees. Research Papers on Motivation Theorists and Their TheoriesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part One